Compendium 1 Cells

Intro
1. Levels of our biological foundation
A) Atom
B) Molecule
C) Cell
D) Organ
E) Organism
2. Basic elements of life
A) Atom
B) Ionic bonding
C) Single Covalent bonding
D) Water
E) pH Balance
3. Organic Compounds
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic Acids
E) High Energy Compound
4. Cell
A) Unit of Life
B) Cell Structure
1.Cell membrane
2.Cytosol
3.Organelles
5. Body tissue
A) Connective
B) Muscular
C) Nervous
D) Epithelial
Conclusion Cells are the foundation for an organized existence

1 Levels of our biological foundation

A. Atom: Smallest unit of an element which contains electrons, protons, and neutrons

B. Molecule: Joining of 2 or more atoms that are from the same or different element

C. Cell: Structural and functional unit of all living things. A group of cells with a common structure or function create an organ.

D. Organ: Tissues that function with specific tasks. Cardiac, Skin, and Liver to name a few.

E Organism: Individuals that contain organ systems. People, Trees, and Plants as an example.

2. Basic elements of life.

A. The Atom, although small, contains the chemical and physical properties of an element. A molecule is created when atoms bond with one another.

B. Ionic Bonding: Anions(+) and Cations(-) are held together by the attraction between + and - charges. Example- Table Salt

C. Single Covalent Bonding: Sharing of one pair of electrons. Example 2 Hydrogen atoms share their electrons.

D. Water: Largest component in living things. This is why Hydrogen Atoms are crucial to life.

E. pH Balance is crucial to life as we know it. Our own pH has to be maintained at 7.35 to 7.45. Hydrogen is crucial to keep this balance. Example- People with type 1 Diabetes have a risk of becoming Acidic. Known as Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) In this state, the body will breath rapidly to "blow off" the acid in an attempt to preserve life.

3 Organic Compounds

A. Carbohydrates: Provide short term energy stores.

B.Lipids: A larger storage area for energy that is found in Fats and Oils.

C. Proteins: Have many functions: Support, Enzymes, Transport, Hormones, Defense, and Motion. Proteins are very complex and essential to life.

D Nucleic Acids- DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis will be discussed in next compendium

E. High Energy Compounds: ATP, which is the primary energy transporter in cells. "ATP <-> ADP + Phosphate group + Energy"(Brady book ch3)

4.Cell

A. The basic and smallest unit of life. Each cell maintains Homeostasis.

B. Cell structure

1.Cell membrane: outer layer

2. Cytosol: fluid portion of Cytoplasm

3. Organelles: Structures that provide specific functions to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism. Membrane enclosed organelles are Nucleus(the brain of the cell), Mitochondria(enzymes that control energy for the cell), Endoplasmic Reticulum -ER-(used for Synthesis, Storage, and Transport of Carbs, Proteins, and Lipids) within the cell, Golgi apparatus(used for the synthesis and packaging of Enzymes),and Lysosomes(vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that clean and recycles within the cell. Non membrane organelles are the Cytoskeleton, micro villi, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and ribosomes.(Human Bio S. Mader & Brady book)

5. Body tissue 4 types

A. Connective: Binds and supports body parts: Bones, Cartilage, and Adipose tissue

B. Muscular: Moves body and parts: Skeletal(quads), Smooth(Diaphragm), and Cardiac.

C. Nervous: Receives stimuli and nerve impulses. 3 major parts:Dendrites, Cell Body, and Axon. Used to transmit afferent and efferent impulse to and from the CNS.

D. Epithelial: Largest organ in the body. Provides a barrier to protect the body.

6. Conclusion: The very core of our existence is found in the cell. This is the foundation of all living things. Through cell respiration, we are able to maintain our very fragile homeostasis. This is why the cell is the foundation of an organized existence.

reference: ARIS, Human Biology 10 ed, Brady book Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

Microscope Lab Write-Up

The compound microscope has been around since the year 1590. That is when Zacharis Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass maker, created a compound microscope that ranged from 3x to 9x power. Then in 1660, another inventor named Robert Hook improved the compound microscope and termed the name "cell" in an attempt to describe plant tissue. But, it was Anton Van Leewenh who used the term Bacteria and Protozoans during his research. Today, microscopes are an essential front line tool for scientific research. Here are the 5 major components of the compound microscope.

Stage : The stage is the "platform" that is used to place the slide on. Once the slide is placed on the stage, you then need to use the Coarse focus knob to place the slide into the top position.

Coarse knob: This is used to move the stage up or down rapidly. With the objective lens set at 4x(low power), you will use the coarse knob to raise the stage up to the top and then you will use the X, Y knobs to center the slide over the Iris(illuminator). This is done without looking into the oculars. Once the slide is adjusted at the low power, then you switch over to high power. The Fine knob moves the stage slowly and this is used when you are using the oculars to view the slide under high power, or low power during initial set up of the slide.

Iris: Also known as an illuminator, is used to provide the reflective light for viewing the slide. This is adjusted according to clarity of slide while using the oculars.

Oculars: The eyepieces that are used to view the slide. Initial setting should be at 64. You then need to look through them with you eyes around three inches away and adjust until you have only one visible circle.

Objective lenses: Typically 3 to 4 lenses ranging from 4x,10x, and 100x power just to name a few. The lowest power setting is 4x. This is the setting during your coarse adjustment. Common since should tell you that the higher your power, the more you can see in detail on the slide. Some "high-speed" microscopes even have retractable lenses to prevent damage.
Microscopes are crucial to our own existence because this tool can look into the cellular depth of our bodies. Without this tool, it would be hard for us to understand what goes on in our own body. We would not have been able to come up with simple antibiotics to fight of deadly bacteria as an example. For it's size, the microscope is very powerful tool that has been helping man-kind since 1590.

This is an onion root tip under a compound microscope set at 40x power. At this level of magnification, it is possibble to see the cell walls and the nucleus of the cell.>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

refrence. www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/microscopes/fathershtml

Human Bio 156 Intro

Hello! My name is Jason Randolph and this is my first "blog".
It is very hard to pick a favorite artist. I lived in the same town that Jimmy Buffet lived in when i was a kid. I have seen him play many times at Lulu's (that is his sister's beach restaurant) for free. So, he is one of my favorite artist. My other favorite artist is U2.
I am taking this class as a requirement to graduate with an AAS in Paramedicene. This is one of two classes left for me to complete my degree requirement. I am taking one other class during the summer session.
After completing this class, i hope to have a better understanding of the patho -physiology of medication administration and the disease process at the cellular level. That will make me a stronger Paramedic.
Three things about me:
1. I was in the military for 12 years. 6 years in the Navy(Hazardous Duty), then i spent the remaining years as an Army Combat Medic assigned to Light Infantry(grunts). I separated from the Army last September.
2. I recently completed the 45 credit 10 month Paramedic Program @ Y.C.
3. I like helping people when they are in a time of need. That is why i became a Paramedic.