Compendium 2, unit 4

Human Landscapes

1.Origin of life

a.Primitive earth

b.Small organic molecules

c.Macromolecules

d.Protocell

e.Biological Evolution

f.Fossils

g.Human evolution

h.Natural Selection

2.Nature of Ecosystems

a.Autotrophs

b.Heterotrophs

c.Niche

d.Water Cycle

e.Carbon Cycle

f.Nitrogen Cycle

g.Phosphorus Cycle

3.Human Population Growth

a.Bio-diversity

b.Alien species

c.Pollution

d.Medicinal value

e.Agricultural value

4.Working towards a sustainable society

a.Sustainable society

b.Multi-use farming

c.integrated pest management

d.recycling and composting

1.Origin of Life

a.Primitive earth- The Atmosphere was formed by gasses escaping from volcano's.

b.Small organic molecules- Production of nucleotides and amino acids.

c.Macromelecules- RNA first hypothesis suggests that rna was the only macromolecule used to produce the first cells.

d.Protocell- Can carry on metabolism, but unable to reproduce

e.Biological evolution- simplest cells produced, prokaiyotic and eukryotic cell was present.

f.fossils- evidence for evolution.

g.Humans evolution- Started out as Domain Eukaryn (2bya) and evolved to Homo Sapiens (0.1 bya).

h.Natural Selection- Mechanism for adaptation that has led to the ever growing of not only or species, but all others, according to Darwin.

2.Nature of Ecosystems

a.Autotrophs- Require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to reproduce organic nutrients for their own use and for all other members of a community.

b.Heterotrophs- They are consumers that need a source of organic nutrients.

c.Niche- The role of an organism in an ecosystem

d.Water cycle- Transfer rate of water between components of an ecosystem.

e.Carbon cycle- TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS EXCHANGE CARBON DIOXIDE WITH THE ATMOSPHERE.

f.Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium.

g.Phosphorus cycle- Phosphorus in the ocean sediments move onto land.

3.Human Population Growth

a.Biodiversity- Variety of life on earth, described in terms of the number of different species.

b.Alien species- Exotics, are non native members of an ecosystem.

c.Pollution- Environmental change that adversely affects the lives and health of living things.

d.Medicinal value- Medicine that has originally derived from living organisms.

e.Agricultural value- Wild plants that have been modified to become high producers.

4.Working towards a sustainable society

a.Sustainable society- would only use renewable energy sources.

b.Multi use farming.

c.Integrated pest management.

d.Recycling and composting.

Ref: Mader, Aris, Brady

Unit 3, Compendium 2

Muscular & Bone Systems

1.Muscle

a) 3 types of muscle tissue

b) Skeletal muscles

2.Anatomy of skeletal muscles

a) gross anatomy

b) micro-anatomy

c) myofilaments

3.Contractions

a) neuromuscular junction

b) synaptic knob

4.Action Potential Sequence

a) release of ACh

b) binding of ACh

c) conduction of action potentials

5.Bones

a) osseous tissue

b) calcium phosphate

c) osteocytes

d) osteclasts

e) osteoblasts

6.Remodeling & Homeostatic mechanisms

a) remodeling

b) calcium

c) fracture repair

1.Muscles

a) 3 types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

picture of the make up of muscle. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

b) Skeletal muscles attach to bones directly or indirectly, and are used to produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position,support tissues, guard entrances and exits, and maintain body temp.

2.Anatomy of skeletal muscles

a) Gross anatomy: Muscle fiber is surrounded by endomysium, sheathed by a perimysium, and covered by an epimysium. At the end of the muscle is a tendon.

b) Micro anatomy: Muscle cells have a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and a sarcoplasmic reticulum.

c) Myofilaments consit of a thin filament(actin) and a thick filament(myosin).

3.Contractions

a) Neuromuscular Junction: The link between electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction.

b) Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate are part of the junction. picture of neuromuscular junction http://abdellab.sunderland.ac.uk/ >

4. Action Potential Sequence

a) The release of acetylcholine (ACh): Impulse at synaptic knob release ACh into synaptic cleft.

b) The binding of ACh at motor end plate: This event changes the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions.

c) This conduction of action potentials by the sacrolemma: This triggers a sudden release of calcium ions. The ens result is a contraction. This is how our body achieves movement.

5.Bones

a) Osseous tissue: Supports connective tissue, contains specialized cells, extracellular fibers, and ground substances. end product is a distinct solid with a stony character from the disposition of calcium salt. picture of bone tissue http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

b) Calcium Phosphate(Ca3(PO4)2: Accounts for 2/3 of the weight of bones. The remaining 1/3 is dominated by collagen fibers.

c) Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that recycle calcium and assists with bone repairs.

d) Osteoclasts: Giant cells with 50 or more nuclei, helps regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations in the bodies fluid.

e) Osteblasts: Cells responsible for the production of new bone.

6.Remodeling & Homeostatic mechanisms

a) Remodeling: Organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed.

b) Calcium: Most abundant mineral in the body. 99% is located in the skeleton, which acts as a calcium reserve for the body.

c) Fracture repair involves the formation of a fracture hematoma.

d) effects of aging on the skeleton can include osteopenia and osteoporosis.

picture of remodeled bone http://www.osteopeak.com/ >>

references: Aris, Mader book, Brady book.